The History of How Dogs Were Domesticated

The history of dog domestication is that of an ancient partnership between dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and humans. That partnership was likely originally based on a human need for help with herding and hunting, for an early alarm system, and for a source of food in addition to the companionship many of us today know and love. In return, dogs received companionship, protection, shelter, and a reliable food source. But when this partnership first occurred is still under some debate. Dog history has been studied recently using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which suggests that wolves and dogs split into different species around 100,000 years ago. Although mtDNA analysis has shed some light on the domestication event(s) which may have occurred between 40,000 and 20,000 years ago, researchers are not agreed on the results. Some analyses suggest that the original domestication location of dog domestication was in East Asia; others that the middle east was the original location of domestication; and still others that later domestication took place in Europe. What the genetic data has shown to date is that the history of dogs is as intricate as that of the people they lived alongside, lending support to the long depth of the partnership, but complicating origin theories. Two Domestications In 2016, a research team led by bioarchaeologist Greger Larson (Frantz et al. cited below) published mtDNA evidence for two places of origin for domestic dogs: one in Eastern Eurasia and one in Western Eurasia. According to that analysis, ancient Asian dogs originated from a domestication event from Asian wolves at least 12,500 years ago; while European Paleolithic dogs originated from an independent domestication event from European wolves at least 15,000 years ago. Then, says the report, at sometime before the Neolithic period (at least 6,400 years ago), Asian dogs were transported by humans to Europe where they displaced European Paleolithic dogs. That would explain why earlier DNA studies reported that all modern dogs were descended from one domestication event, and also the existence of evidence of two domestication event from two different far-flung locations. There were two populations of dogs in the Paleolithic, goes the hypothesis, but one of them—the European Paleolithic dog—is now extinct. A lot of questions remain: there are no ancient American dogs included in most of the data, and Frantz et al. suggest that the two progenitor species were descended from the same initial wolf population and both are now extinct. However, other scholars (Botiguà © and colleagues, cited below) have investigated and found evidence to support migration event(s) across the central Asia steppe region, but not for a complete replacement. They were unable to rule out Europe as the original domestication location. The Data: Early Domesticated Dogs The earliest confirmed domestic dog anywhere so far is from a burial site in Germany called Bonn-Oberkassel, which has joint human and dog interments dated to 14,000 years ago. The earliest confirmed domesticated dog in China was found in the early Neolithic (7000–5800 BCE) Jiahu site in Henan Province. Evidence for co-existence of dogs and humans, but not necessarily domestication, comes from Upper Paleolithic sites in Europe. These hold evidence for dog interaction with humans and include  Goyet Cave  in Belgium,  Chauvet  cave in France, and  Predmosti in the Czech Republic. European Mesolithic sites like Skateholm (5250–3700 BC) in Sweden have dog burials, proving the value of the furry beasts to hunter-gatherer settlements. Danger Cave in Utah is currently the earliest case of dog burial in the Americas, at about 11,000 years ago, likely a descendant of Asian dogs. Continued interbreeding with wolves, a characteristic found throughout the life history of dogs everywhere, has apparently resulted in the hybrid black wolf found in the Americas. Black fur coloration is a dog characteristic, not originally found in wolves. Dogs as Persons Some studies of dog burials dated to the Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic Kitoi period in the Cis-Baikal region of Siberia suggests that in some cases, dogs were awarded person-hood and treated equally to fellow humans. A dog burial at the Shamanaka site was a male, middle-aged dog which had suffered injuries to its spine, injuries from which it recovered. The burial, radiocarbon dated to ~6,200 years ago (cal BP), was interred in a formal cemetery, and in a similar manner to the humans within that cemetery. The dog may well have lived as a family member. A wolf burial at the Lokomotiv-Raisovet cemetery (~7,300 cal BP) was also an older adult male. The wolfs diet (from stable isotope analysis) was made up of deer, not grain, and although its teeth were worn, there is no direct evidence that this wolf was part of the community. Nevertheless, it too was buried in a formal cemetery. These burials are exceptions, but not that rare: there are others, but there is also is evidence that fisher-hunters in Baikal consumed dogs and wolves, as their burned and fragmented bones appear in refuse pits. Archaeologist Robert Losey and associates, who conducted this study, suggest that these are indications that Kitoi hunter-gatherers considered that at least these individual dogs were persons. Modern Breeds and Ancient Origins Evidence for the appearance of breed variation is found in several European Upper Paleolithic sites. Medium-sized dogs (with wither heights between 45–60 cm) have been identified in Natufian sites in the Near East dated to ~15,500-11,000 cal BP). Medium to large dogs (wither heights above 60 cm) have been identified in Germany (Kniegrotte), Russia (Eliseevichi I), and Ukraine (Mezin), ~17,000-13,000 cal BP). Small dogs (wither heights under 45 cm) have been identified in Germany (Oberkassel, Teufelsbrucke, and Oelknitz), Switzerland (Hauterive-Champreveyres), France (Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz, Pont dAmbon) and Spain (Erralia) between ~15,000-12,300 cal BP. See the investigations by archaeologist Maud Pionnier-Capitan and associates for more information. A recent study of pieces of DNA called SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphism) which have been identified as markers for modern dog breeds and published in 2012 (Larson et al) comes to some surprising conclusions: that despite the clear evidence for marked size differentiation in very early dogs (e.g., small, medium and large dogs found at Svaerdborg), this has nothing to do with current dog breeds. The oldest modern dog breeds are no more than 500 years old, and most date only from ~150 years ago. Theories of Modern Breed Origination Scholars now agree that most of the dog breeds we see today are recent developments. However, the astounding variation in dogs is a relic of their ancient and varied domestication processes. Breeds vary in size from the one pound (.5 kilogram) teacup poodles to giant mastiffs weighing over 200 lbs (90 kg). In addition, breeds have different limb, body, and skull proportions, and they also vary in abilities, with some breeds developed with special skills such as herding, retrieving, scent detection, and guiding. That may be because domestication occurred while humans were all hunter-gatherers at the time, leading extensively migrant lifeways. Dogs spread with them, and thus so for a while dog and human populations developed in geographic isolation for a time. Eventually, however, human population growth and trade networks meant people reconnected, and that, say scholars, led to the genetic admixture in the dog population. When dog breeds began to be actively developed about 500 years ago, they were created out of a fairly homogenous gene pool, from dogs with mixed genetic heritages which had been developed in widely disparate locations. Since the creation of kennel clubs, breeding has been selective: but even that was disrupted by World Wars I and II, when breeding populations all over the world were decimated or went extinct. Dog breeders have since reestablished such breeds using a handful of individuals or combining similar breeds. Sources Botiguà © LR, Song S, Scheu A, Gopalan S, Pendleton AL, Oetjens M, Taravella AM, Seregà ©ly T, Zeeb-Lanz A, Arbogast R-M et al. 2017. Ancient European dog genomes reveal continuity since the Early Neolithic. Nature Communications 8:16082.Frantz LAF, Mullin VE, Pionnier-Capitan M, Lebrasseur O, Ollivier M, Perri A, Linderholm A, Mattiangeli V, Teasdale MD, Dimopoulos EA et al. 2016. Genomic and archaeological evidence suggests a dual origin of domestic dogs. Science 352(6293):1228–1231.Freedman AH, Lohmueller KE, and Wayne RK. 2016. Evolutionary History, Selective Sweeps, and Deleterious Variation in the Dog. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 47(1):73–96.Geiger M, Evin A, Sà ¡nchez-Villagra MR, Gascho D, Mainini C, and Zollikofer CPE. 2017. Neomorphosis and heterochrony of skull shape in dog domestication. Scientific Reports 7(1):13443.Perri A. 2016. A wolf in dogs clothing: Initial dog domestication and Pleistocene wolf variation. Journal of Archae ological Science 68(Supplement C):1–4.Wang G-D, Zhai W, Yang H-C, Wang L, Zhong L, Liu Y-H, Fan R-X, Yin T-T, Zhu C-L, Poyarkov AD et al. 2015. Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world. Cell Research 26:21.

Alzheimer s Disease A Disease - 1304 Words

Amanda Kruse Mr. Brimhall CTEC-CNA PM November 10, 2015 Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s is a disease in the brain that affects a person’s memory, thinking, and behavior. It is the most common form of dementia and is common in adults older than 65. More than five million Americans are being affected by Alzheimer’s at this moment. Alzheimer’s comes in three stages; early, middle, and advanced. The disease is caused by the shrinking of the brain due to many risk factors and genetics. Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are often confused because of the similarities and mysteriousness that they share. According to the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the are actually very different in many ways. Dementia is term used to describe a disorder that impairs the mental processing of thoughts and memory. Other forms of dementia besides Alzheimer’s are Huntington’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Alzheimer’s Disease is a form of dementia and is the most common, from 60-70% of all dementia cases. To determine cause of dementia, doctors will use different mental evaluations, brain scans, and blood tests. Alzheimer’s is diagnosed through the evidence that the brain scans provide. One significant difference between Alzheimer’s and dementia is the fact that Alzheimer’s is a nonreversible disease. Some forms of dementia are temporary or reversible but Alzheimer’s has no cure and is degenerative. The number of Americans living with Alzheimer’sShow MoreRelatedThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1421 Words   |  6 Pagesengulfed by a mysterious disease. The neurons being cut off and destroyed by two abnormal structures. First memory is affected gradually getting worse. Then one is unable to think properly, reason, and lacks of self control. Gaps are formed in the brain s ventricles, due to the amount of dead tissue. In the end, it will lead to death. All of this may sound like something from a science fiction movie but infact its very real. These are all known possible symptoms of a common disease that affects aboutRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1677 Words   |  7 Pagesone thing Alzheimer s cannot take away, and that is love. Love is not a memory - it s a feeling that resides in your heart and soul.† (Fade to Blank). The human brain is a remarkably complex organ that processes, stores, and recalls information. â€Å"Alzheimer s dise ase (AD) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning, planning, language, and perception. Many scientists believe that Alzheimer s disease resultsRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease And Disease935 Words   |  4 Pageswith Alzheimer’s disease. This disease is commonly found in the elderly. This explains why people assume older people have a bad memory. Alzheimer’s does not occur in a short period of time, it typically takes months to develop. It involves gradual memory loss due to two specific protein fragments that spread to different parts of the brain killing brain cells as they go. As mentioned in the article Alzheimer’s Disease Fact Sheet (2015), Dr. Alois Alzheimer first discovered the disease by noticing somethingRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1304 Words   |  6 Pagesperson knows well, or asking questions continuously can be signs of a more serious problem . It is a disease of the brain that started slowly and gets worse as the time progresses. Alzheimer’s is a progressive destroying of brain tissue that primarily strikes people over the age of 65. Brain functions such as memory, comprehension, and speech deteriorate. The term first introduced by Dr. Alois Alzheimers in 1906. Memory is lost first. As days passes, attention tends to distracted, simple calculationsRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain disease that is seen in the elderly. It is the most common form of dementia, which is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life (Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia). Alzheimer’s is one of the leading causes of death in America. Dementia and Alzheimer’s have been around for centuries, but Alzheimer’s disease wasn’t first described until 1906 by Dr. Al oysius Alzheimer. In the past, there was aRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1172 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is the 6th leading cause of death in America. It kills more than breast cancer and prostate cancer combined. Alzheimer’s accounts for 70-80% of dementia cases. By the age of 65, 1 in 9 people are diagnosed and by the age of 85, 1 in 3 people will have the disease. According to the Alzheimer Association, 5 million people in American have Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s starts to form 20 years prior to being diagnosed. Learning about Alzheimer’s can help familiesRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : Disease1759 Words   |  8 Pages Alzheimer’s Disease Madison Lollar Psychology 1030-C62 Volstate Community College Word Count: 1,589 Alzheimer’s Disease: When it comes to Alzheimer’s, I know firsthand how it affects individuals and their families. My great grandfather had Alzheimer’s for many years before his passing late last year, at age 92. Alzheimer’s is a disease that many individuals suffer with each year, but yet with all the advancements in modern medicine we still have no cure for it. There are differentRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe disease stem cells could fix is called Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The reason I chose this topic is because I have seen first hand how badly someone who suffers from Alzheimer’s Disease is affected in their daily lives. This disease completely takes over their lives and they turn into a completely different person who can hardly function. AD is very tough on the loved ones of the person suffering from it because that person, most of the time has no idea what is going on or who their loved onesRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzhe imer s Disease2364 Words   |  10 Pages1. Introduction Alzheimer’s disease is a prominent brain disease that effects a massive amount of individuals in the United States. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases, with no chance of being cured, prevented or decelerating over time (Alzheimer’s Association, 2014). AD is the most well-known form of dementia, causing complications in brain function in the areas of memory, thinking, and behavior (Alzheimer’sRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease2246 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION Alzheimer’s Disease has been one of the top leading causes of death in our country. It is understood that this disease is identified as an excess of the protein amyloid-ß within an increase of plaque (Seneff, Wainwright, and Mascitelli, 2010). Additionally, as the brain ages, it gets used to the inflammation and oxidative stress, so it is important to take the right amount of antioxidant micronutrients like vitamin C and vitamin E as well as anti-inflammatory macronutrients such as

Comparison of Parent-Child Relationship in Two Novels Free Essays

The Parent-Child relationship in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been, written by Joyce Carol Oates and in In the Gloaming, written by Alice Elliott Dark are two different demonstrations of relationships that parents and children have with one another. In Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been the Parent-Child Relationship was strained and distant in In the Gloaming, the Parent-Child Relationship was close and open. In Where Have You Been, Where Are You Going? Connie and her mother were always having conflicts with each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Parent-Child Relationship in Two Novels or any similar topic only for you Order Now Connie was a very beautiful girl and Connie thought her mother was jealous of her beauty. Her mother was probably not jealous of Connie but concerned and thought she would attract the wrong attention. Connie’s mom constantly made remarks about Connie’s makeup and how her hairspray smelt. Connie’s mother often ridiculed Connie when Connie looked in the mirror by saying, â€Å"Stop gawking at yourself. , who do you think you are? You think you are so pretty. † Connie would become so angry with her mother, she even wished her mother dead. Connie never liked to speak to her mother and did not want to be around her mother. In the presence of her mother Connie could not be herself so when she was away from her mother she would act and dress inappropriate for a 15 year old girl. Connie’s motivation for dressing provocatively was to attract attention from boys. Unbeknownst to Connie her mother was right, looking and dressing inappropriate would eventually cause Connie extreme danger. In the story In the Gloaming the Parent-Child Relationship was very different. Instead of being strained and distant the relationship are strong and loving. Laird’s mother was a compassionate mother who was so determined to make her son happy that it became an obsession. The only thing Laird’s mother cared about and thought about was making Laird happy. Laird and his mother often talked at enormous length about life, love and happiness. Laird’s mother was extremely open with Laird about her life. Laird also enjoyed talking to his mother about life, love and dreams. The dialogue between Laird and his mother would often become very personal. Laird was always thinking about his mother. Laird always wanted to know what she cared about and always wanted his mother’s opinion. Every night at sunset Laird, his mother and his father would eat dinner together. After dinner Laird’s father would go to his study work while Laird and his mother talked about everything. Laird and his mother would look out of the window and watch the sunset, the sky would turn a heather color, they would refer to this time of night as the â€Å"gloaming†. The gloaming became more than a sunset it became a symbol to Laird and his mother. Laird and his mother looked forward to their special time when nothing else mattered but themselves and their conversation. Laird’s mother treasured this special time because Laird was very ill and would soon die. Laird needed to know everything about his mother before he died and Laird’s mother needed to know everything about Laird before he died. So, every night they would sit and talk for hours. Laird was the love of his mother’s life, he and his mother were inseparable until the day he died. The relationship between Connie and her mother may have been different if one of them was ill. Furthermore, the relationship between Laird and his mother may have been more strained if Laird had not been ill and needed his mother so much. The Parent-Child relationship can be very different and at times very difficult. Some children see their parent’s in a different point of view than their siblings. The relationship can be a positive experience or a negative experience. Laird and his mother’s conversations became something to look forward to. Connie’s conversations with her mother became something she resented and dreaded. How to cite Comparison of Parent-Child Relationship in Two Novels, Essay examples

Employment Trends and Job Satisfaction in the Oil and Gas Industry Essay Sample free essay sample

The popular imperativeness has late reported that the oil industry is come ining an evolutionary stage withseveral potentially long-run tendencies get downing to emerge. The writers present a reappraisal oftheoretically relevant work associating to these tendencies and a survey analyzing the expected effectsthese tendencies might hold on the employment environment in the oil and gas industry. The survey was conducted in two stages. The first stage was focus-qualitative utilizing interview groups. The consequences of these focal point groups indicated that the oil industry is sing a period of consolidation and retrenchment. Reasons cited for these tendencies included down oil monetary values. minimized grosss. and reduced hard currency flows. The interviews emphasized that efficiency could be improved through the usage of centralised budgeting. capital intensive labour. improved care. and reward systems. The 2nd stage involved a study administered to employees of big and little oil companies in West Texas and New Mexico. Published graduated tables for occupation satisfaction were used to analyze differences in perceptual experience of occupation security and motive between big oil company and little oil company employees. Results show higher occupation security. occupation satisfaction. and general motive degrees among employees of little oil companies. The writers conclude with a treatment of relevant research and direction deductions. | Introduction Directors of big. independent. and little oil companies are progressively recognizing that the oil and gas industry is in a province of flux. with several long term tendencies expected to significantly impact the function of the American oil worker. ( Chellgren 1995 ; Haines 1995 ) Research workers have investigated several dimensions of these industry tendencies. including the move to more corporate amalgamations ( Haines 1996 ) ; the focal point on industry consolidation peculiarly in the gas-gathering and selling spheres ( Haines 1995 ) ; the increased incidence of retrenchment ( Tobias 1996 ) ; the escalation of abroad production. peculiarly from non-OPEC states ( Gill 1995 ) ; the United States increased importing of foreign production ( Hirsch 1996 ) ; the increased usage of new 3D seismal techniques and horizontal boring ( Brown 1996 ) ; the cost-increasing effects of OSHA and EPA ordinances ( Chellgren 1995 ) ; and the demand to hike cost efficiency ( Baumann 1996 ) . These tendencies combined with the outlook of low prognosis gas monetary values ( Haines 1995 ) are doing the oil and gas industry to concentrate on decreasing costs and hiking productiveness. Indeed. the focal point on cost film editing seems to be the major industry tendency ( Haines 1996 ) . This industry place is best summarized by Cross Timbers Oil Co president Steve Palko when he echoed the words of many: no 1 is anticipating strongly increasing merchandise monetary values. so the thing to make is go more efficient by cut downing costs per net equivalent barrel. We have to demo growing without an addition in oil and gas monetary values. Thats merely world today. ( Haines 1996 ) This cost focal point is responsible for modifying the employment environment of the American Oil and Gas worker. Indeed. the cost focal point is doing the major employment tendency of increased cutbacks and layoffs. ( Knott 1996 ) Existing literature has highlighted several other employment tendencies. The most of import of which are: the reduced figure of full-time employees caused by the increased usage of impermanent trainees ( Walden 1996 ) ; the increased trust on contract workers ( Knott 1996 ) ; the intensified usage of reding houses ( Haines 1996 ) ; the tendency towards more joint research and the sharing of information ( Chellgren 1996 ) ; the effort to better operating efficiency through proficient consciousness ( Baumann 1996 ) and transverse functional groups ( Zignon 1994 ) ; the attempt to streamline direction in order to heighten corporate manoeuvrability and reactivity to market alteration ( Baumann 1996 ) ; and eventually. the heightened usage of the Internet by employees to do professional contacts ( Tobias 1996 ) and uncover proficient information( Klann 1996 ) . Hypothesis The intent of this survey is to look into how general industry tendencies are impacting employment tendencies. and how these employment tendencies are finally impacting occupation satisfaction and motive degrees. In peculiar. we would wish to analyze how workers perceptual experiences of employment tendencies differ between big and little oil companies. and how this difference in perceptual experience affects degrees of occupation security and motive. Hence we hypothesize: H1: Large and little oil companies perceive general industry trends otherwise.In peculiar. we investigate two specific dimensions of these industry tendencies: the consequence of abroad production. and the consequence of domestic ordinance. We expect that increased oil geographic expedition overseas will adversely impact the domestic oil industry by take downing the domestic oil monetary value and doing local manufacturers to take down production costs by cutting overhead. We expect these cost cuts to ensue in an increased figure of layoffs and cutbacks in big oil companies. These cutbacks will take down employee morale and diminish the degree of occupation satisfaction and security. We besides expect the legal environment to raise the costs of making concern. peculiarly for larger companies that face more intense legal demands than little companies do. This addition will further add to be force per unit areas and may ask farther cutbacks and layoffs. Once once more. these cutbacks are expected to take down employee morale and general motive degrees. Therefore. our general hypothesis has two subdivisions: H1a: Large and little oil companies perceive the effects of increased abroad production otherwise. H1b: Large and little oil companies perceive the alteration in legal ordinances otherwise. We believe that little oil company employees will non be as adversely affected by industry tendencies. as their big company opposite numbers because little companies are more flexible and manoeuvrable. peculiarly when it comes to the direction of forces. Small companies tend to reconstitute in-between direction. redefining direction functions instead than extinguishing them. Therefore. we expect occupation security and satisfaction to be higher in little companies than in big companies. This treatment can be summarized by the undermentioned major research hypothesis: H2: Large oil company employees feel more threatened by new tendencies than do little oil company employees and have lower degrees of occupation security and general motive. PRETEST Methodology Before carry oning our chief survey. it was necessary to carry on in-depth interviews to find the countries of focal point needed for the development of a research questionnaire. Consequently. a sum of 10 in depth interviews were held over a two-day clip frame. The 10 respondents were interviewed separately. The sample comprised entirely of males. All of the interviewees were selected from in-between direction. The bulk ( 60 % ) of them were selected from the oil-related concern sector ; the balance from conveyance ( 20 % ) . from chemical processing ( 10 % ) . and from independent catching ( 10 % ) . The interviewees were told that they would be involved in a survey aimed at measuring the effects that industry tendencies were holding on employment outlooks in the oil and gas sector. To this terminal. nine open-ended inquiries were asked. and the interviewees answers were tape recorded. The tapes were subsequently reviewed. and a sum-up of the chief points created. The interview inquiries were tailored to set up sentiments in three major countries of involvement: First. the effects that overseas geographic expedition and offshore boring have on the domestic oil industry. secondly. the consequence that OSHA statute law is expected to hold on the company. 3rd. the most of import industry tendencies impacting the employment environment. Interviewees were farther invited to add any remarks that they felt would be pertinent to the survey. In general. our interviewees showed a high degree of enthusiasm and engagement. Their remarks proved to be most helpful in the designing of the questionnaire. Consequences and Discussion The interviewees seemed to universally admit the being of the cutback and downsizing tendencies highlighted in the current research literature. The interviewees mentioned that the increased usage of abroad production was really of import. They felt that this tendency would go on in the hereafter. as environmental and legal costs were raising domestic industry costs. However. they believed that basic boring costs were still lower in the United States than abroad. Several interviewees from related service sectors mentioned that as the major oil companies were concentrating their attending abroad. chances for little and manoeuvrable companies were turning. Maneuverability. flexibleness. and the demand to be able to accommodate rapidly to market forces were besides mentioned as of import features of little companies. Interviewees had widely differing positions on the effects of OSHA and EPA ordinances on their industry. However. most of them agreed that OSHA ordinances were taking to increased costs and reduced net income borders. They besides mentioned that EPA and environmental statute law were increasing the costs of making concern in the United States. Some interviewees felt that increased OPEC production was adversely impacting the domestic oil concern. It was widely believed that increased OPEC production would go on to diminish gas monetary values and. therefore. gas grosss for local oil concerns. About all interviewees. some 90 % . mentioned that their companies had experienced important cutbacks in the past 3 old ages. Indeed. all interviewees emphasized that there was a definite move to streamlining operations and hiking cost efficiency. Depressed oil monetary values. minimized grosss. and reduced hard currency flows were cited as the major grounds for these cutbacks. Cutbacks took assorted signifiers. Cuting head counts through layoffs and abrasion. diminishing employee benefits. and replacing contract labour with in-house labour were mentioned. From this focus-group session several of import findings materialized. Although. several tendencies were discussed. the most of import tendency that emerged was that increased abroad production was diminishing oil monetary values in the United States and ensuing in cost film editing through layoffs and downsizing. This determination was expected and served to back several other findings discussed in current literature ( Haines 1995 ; Tobais 1996 ) . EMPLOYMENT TRENDS AND JOB SATISFACTION IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY: THE EFFECT OF CORPORATION SIZE To obtain farther information about the survey aims. a selfadministered-questionnaire was conducted utilizing a nonprobability convenience sample method. This study instrument was designed and distributed to 300 oil and gas employees in the West Texas and New Mexico country by Christian Collins. In the preamble to the questionnaire. topics were told that: The undermentioned study is portion of a research survey being carried out by undergraduate pupils at Angelo State University in concurrence with their undergraduate Business Research Course. This study is non for commercial intents. The success of this survey depends on your engagement. All responses will stay confidential. Your aid with this survey is appreciated. Thank you for your cooperation. The questionnaires were screened for truth and completeness as they were returned. In peculiar. they were checked for losing responses. wrong responses. and uncomplete replies. Problems arose with three open-ended inquiries wherein respondents were asked to rate and list any other countries non mentioned in the study. Several topics rated these open-ended inquiries. but did non name the country of concern. Therefore. when ascribing the information these inquiries were omitted. The consequences were so imputed into a ASCII file utilizing a DOS editor. This file was so used as input for the statistical plan Statistical Analysis System ( SAS ) . Frequency tabular arraies were used to develop basic thoughts about the information collected from these questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and factor analysis were used to place the implicit in dimensions of sensed industry tendencies. employment tendencies. and general satisfaction degrees. Analysis of Variance ( ANOVA ) and T-Tests were so used to turn to the survey aims. Sample The concluding sample consisted of 188 respondents. The study response rate was 63. 66 % . The demographic statistics of the sample are described overleaf in Table 1. From Table 1 it can be seen that 85. 4 % of the respondents were male. The bulk ( 52. 2 % ) of the respondents were between 31 and 45 old ages of age. Most of the respondents ( 29. 8 % ) had worked in the oil industry for 21 old ages or more. The average income was between $ 30. 001 and $ 45. 000 per annum. The majority of respondents were employees ( 68. 8 % ) . However. proprietors ( 11. 2 % ) . supervisors ( 12. 8 % ) . and directors ( 5. 3 % ) were besides represented. The writers felt that these demographic statistics were representative of the oil industry in general and felt justified in utilizing this sample. Table 1 Description of the Sample Demographic Characteristics No. ( 188 ) % No. ( 188 ) % Gender Old ages in oil concern male 158 85. 41-5 old ages 23 12. 2 female 27 14. 6 6-10 old ages 22 11. 7 11-15years 36 19. 1 16-20years 51 27. 1 21 or more old ages 56 29. 8 Age Income 19 and under 0 0. 0 $ 15. 000 and under 18 12. 6 19-30 27 14. 7 $ 15. 001- $ 30. 000 40 28. 0 31-45 96 52. 2 $ 30. 001- $ 45. 000 44 30. 8 46-55 47 25. 5 $ 45. 001- $ 60. 000 25 17. 5 over 55 14 7. 6 over $ 60. 000 16 11. 2 Position Type of Company proprietor 21 11. 2Large 58 31. 2 supervisor 24 12. 8 Small 2 1. 1 director 10 5. 3 Independent 16 8. 6 employee 128 68. 1 Related concern 88 47. 3 other 5 2. 7 Other 22 11. 8 Analysis and Consequences The questionnaire included 3 different steps to measure industry tendencies. employment tendencies. and motive degrees severally. Factor analysis was used in an explorative mode to analyse the interrelatednesss between the inquiry points. In peculiar. chief component analysis with varimax rotary motion was chosen to place which of these points would constellate together distinctively and function as a one-dimensional step of basic tendencies ( Hair et al 1995 ) . This data decrease technique was used to make one-dimensional variables. Because these variables were used in subsequent testing. we performed correlativity analysis of the points stand foring each factor as suggested by Churchill ( 1979 ) . Evaluation of industry tendencies: Twelve inquiries utilizing a 5 point graduated table were used to measure perceptual experiences of basic tendencies in the oil industry. Several tendencies were itemized and ranked. Respondents were asked â€Å"to evaluate each of the following on a graduated table of 1 ( Highly of import ) to 5 ( Not of import at all ) † . with 3 ( Neither Important Nor Unimportant ) . stand foring that the tendency was non evident. On utilizing factor analysis with varimax rotary motion. two factors emerged. The factor contents. rotated factor burdens. and Cronbacks Alpha explained by each factor can be seen in Table 2. From Table 2 it can be seen that two factors were identified under factor analysis. They highlight general tendencies in the oil and gas industry. Each of the factors identified had Eigen values in surplus of 1. 00. The two groups of factors along with their Cronbacks Alphas are: domestic activities ( 0. 88 ) . and legal and abroad factors ( 0. 86 ) . Domestic activities refer to those issues that straight affect the local oil industry. These effects. along with their burdens. include: a lessening in industry occupation satisfaction ( 0. 88 ) . a lessening in oil production ( 0. 85 ) . decreased oil geographic expedition ( 0. 84 ) . and an addition in layoffs ( 0. 79 ) . The postulated effects of increased oil production and geographic expedition have been good documented in current literature ( Chellgren 1995 ) . Consequently. we were non surprised by these findings. The Legal and Overseas factor contains six points mentioning to legal and foreign issues that affect the oil industry. Their burdens range from 0. 84 ( Increased Oil Exploration ) to 0. 53 ( Low Morale ) . Two of the tendencies in the legal and abroad factor mentioned relate to ordinances. viz. environmental ( 0. 80 ) and safety ( 0. 69 ) ordinances. Once once more. the expected effects of increased ordinances are good documented in the current literature. Therefore. the determination of the legal and abroad factor was in conformity with our outlooks ( Chellgren 1995 ) . Table 2 Correlations Between Industry Trends Dimensions of Industry Trends Trend attributes| Legal and Overseas| Domestic|Increase in abroad exploration| 0. 84| 0. 19|Increas in environmental regulation| 0. 80| 0. 17|Increase in cost effeciency| 0. 76| 0. 23|Increase in abroad production| 0. 76| 0. 19|Addition in safety regulation| 0. 69| 0. 27|Increase in offshore drilling| 0. 64| 0. 37|Low morale| 0. 53| 0. 33|Decrease in occupation security| 0. 26| 0. 88|Decrese in U. S. oil production| 0. 29| 0. 85|Addition in employee layoffs| 0. 23| 0. 84|Decrease in U. S oil exploration| 0. 23| 0. 79|Cronbackss Coefficient Alpha 0. 86 0. 88 Note: Datas obtained by factor analysis with extraneous rotary motion ( varimax ) Underlined burdens place tendencies that are extremely correlated with a given dimension. These two factors closely. but non precisely. fit one of the initial aims of the survey: which was to look into the effects that OSHA ordinances and increased abroad production have on the oil and gas industry. Because these findings were congruous with old research. we felt justified in utilizing these factors as variables for farther testing. Evaluation of how industry trends affect employment tendencies A 13-item inquiry set was used to measure respondents sentiments on employment tendencies. Overall sentiments about how industry trends affect employment tendencies were measured by inquiring respondents to rate each statement refering the oil industry from 5 ( Strongly Disagree ) to 1 ( Strongly Agree ) † . with 3 ( Neutral ) . stand foring the place that a peculiar industry tendency was non impacting the employee environment. Table 3 shows the relevant tendencies and factor burden. Table 3 Correlations between specific factors impacting employment tendencies Dimensions of Employment Trends Employment tendency attributes| Market Effects| OSHAregulations| Overseasproduction| Increased market portion by little oil companies| 0. 70| 0. 23| -0. 01| Increased employment in little oil companies| 0. 68| -0. 05| 0. 04| Small oil companies will profit from tendencies in the industry | 0. 61| 0. 06| 0. 01| Increased wage in little oil companies| 0. 59| -0. 06| -0. 01| OSHA effects Small and independent oil companies| 0. 53| 0. 11| -0. 14| OSHA ordinances addition disbursals in my company| 0. 10| 0. 85| -0. 04| OSHA ordinances have increased the cost of making business| 0. 05| 0. 84| 0. 14| Abroad geographic expedition is aching big oil companies| -0. 03| -0. 22| 0. 80| Increased abroad oil production| -0. 13| 0. 25| 0. 72| The figure of oil related concern has decreased| -0. 01| 0. 37| 0. 46| Cronbackss Coefficient Alpha 0. 66 0. 69 0. 45 Note: Datas obtained by factor analysis with extraneous rotary motion ( varimax ) Underlined burdens place tendencies that are extremely correlated with a given dimension. From Table 3 it can be seen that three factors were identified All three of these factors had Eigen values in surplus of 1. 00. The three factors. along with their Crombacks Alphas. are market effects ( 0. 66 ) . OSHA ordinance effects ( 0. 69 ) . and abroad production effects ( 0. 45 ) . These three factors are discussed individually below. We believed that the comparatively high burden of the market consequence factor ( 0. 66 ) was an indicant of respondents belief that trends in the oil industry were impacting little companies. Several dimensions of the little company tendencies were identified. These include: increased employment in little oil companies ( 0. 68 ) . the addition in wage at little oil companies ( 0. 53 ) . the consequence that OSHA ordinances had on little oil companies ( 0. 53 ) . and the addition in market portion of little oil companies ( 0. 70 ) . Therefore. it can be postulated. that industry tendencies were non holding an inauspicious consequence on little oil companies because most of the tendencies listed have positive intensions. These findings were in conformity with our outlooks and current literature. wherein it had been postulated that little agile companies can profit from germinating tendencies ( Brown 1996 ) . We had postulated that OSHA ordinances were increasing the costs of making concern in the United States. The fact that the OSHA ordinance consequence was identified lends strong support to this averment. Two elements of this factor were identified: increased disbursals ( 0. 85 ) . and increased costs of making concern ( 0. 84 ) . Once once more. this was in conformity with current literature. wherein it was suggested that the legal environment is increasing costs and ensuing in cutbacks in the workplace ( Howard 1994 ) . Three elements of the abroad production factor were identified. These elements had burdens that ranged from 0. 84 ( Overseas geographic expedition is aching domestic concern ) to 0. 40 ( The figure of oil concerns has decreased ) . Current literature indicates that increased abroad production would diminish oil monetary values and hence adversely affects domestic oil companies. ( Tobias 1996 ) The fact that OSHA ordinances and abroad production were considered to impact employment tendencies is important because these two steps are the focal points of H1a and H1b. The writers felt that the outgrowth of these factors gave sufficient logical evidences to prove H1 and H2. Consequently. ANOVA trials were subsequently conducted to analyze if there were important differences in the perceptual experience of these factors between big and little oil companies. Evaluation of occupation security. occupation satisfaction and general motive degrees A 10-item inquiry set was used to measure occupation security. perceived occupation satisfaction. and general motive. In response to a series of descriptive statements. topics were asked to â€Å"rate each issue covering with occupation satisfaction† on a 5 point graduated table of 1 ( Highly Dissatisfied ) to 5 ( Highly Satisfied ) . This inquiry set was based on the Specific Satisfactions Job Diagnostic study developed by Hackman and Oldham in 1975. These inquiries were selected because consequences from these graduated tables have been good documented in published studies by Hackman and Oldham ( 1974. 1975. 1980 ) . The writers felt that the usage of these established steps would impart truth and acceptableness to the survey. Table 4 shows the consequences of the factor analysis. From Table 4 it can be seen that factor analysis was once more used to place sub-components of general motive. Two component factors of motive were found. Each of the factors identified had an Eigne value in surplus of 1. 00. The two factors along with their Eigen values are: occupation security ( 1. 53 ) . and work context satisfaction ( 5. 75 ) . The work context satisfaction refers to work environment issues such as wage and periphery benefits ( 0. 76 ) . just intervention from supervisors ( 0. 76 ) . and the sum of independent idea allowed ( 0. 69 ) . Hackman and Oldham have proven that this factor is concerned with intrinsic characteristics of the occupation. This factor refers to the grade to which an employee is satisfied with chances for personal growing and development on the occupation ( Hackman and Oldham 1975 ) . The occupation security factor was considered to be really of import. as evidenced by the high Cronbacks Alpha of 0. 90. By analyzing the inquiry points. and their agencies. it became evident that respondents felt that occupation security is being decreased by current industry tendencies. This is of import sing that H2 relates straight to decreased occupation security. Table 4 Correlations Between General Employment Attributes General motive and occupation security items| Job Security| Specific Satisfactions| How unafraid things look for me in this organization| 0. 90| 0. 17| The sum of occupation security I have| 0. 89| 0. 12| The sum of personal growing and development | 0. 29| 0. 79| The grade to which I am reasonably paid for what I contribute| -0. 01| 0. 77| The sum of wage and periphery benefits I receive| -0. 15| 0. 76| The grade of regard and just intervention I get from my boss| 0. 34| 0. 76| The sum of counsel and support I receive from my supervisor| 0. 36| 0. 72| The overall quality of the supervising I receive| 0. 35| 0. 71| The sum of independent idea and action I can exercise| 0. 15| 0. 69| The sum of challenge in my job| 0. 25| 0. 69| Cronbacks Alpha 0. 90 0. 86 Note: Datas obtained by factor analysis with extraneous rotary motion ( varimax ) Underlined burdens place tendencies that are extremely correlated with a given dimension. The find of these two dimensions was expected and congruous with old research done. utilizing these satisfaction graduated tables ( Hackman and Oldham 1975 ) . That general motive could be decomposed into these two tendencies is of import. sing that the major aim of this survey ( H2 ) was to measure both occupation security and general motive. We investigated the research hypotheses by utilizing the analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) process. This process was done in the mode recommended by Tukey. Because our group sizes were non equal. we were required to utilize Tukeys process. The Tukeys Studentised Range ( HSD ) Test controls the type 1 experimentwise mistake rate. However. it should besides be noted that this trial. by and large. has a higher type 2 mistake rate than other ANOVA trials. During the ANOVA tests we compared the difference of agencies. of the above-described factors. as perceived by the employees of big and little oil companies. Table 5 presents the agencies of big and little companies. the F ratio and the P reading. Table 5 Consequences of ANOVA Testing Between Means of Large and Small Oil Companies Factor| Large Company Mean| Small CompanyMean| F-Value| p=| Industry Trends| | | | |Legal and Overseas | 13. 28| 12. 17| 1. 49| 0. 23|Domestic | 6. 92| 6. 86| 0. 82| 0. 49|Employment Trends| | | | |Small Company| 11. 80| 14. 11| 16. 06| 0. 001*|OSHA Regulation| 3. 02| 3. 33| 5. 49| 0. 0012*|Overseas Production| 8. 14| 7. 65| 0. 94| 0. 42|General Motivation| | | | |Specific Satisfactions| 18. 99| 14. 24| 5. 91| 0. 0007*| Job Security| 7. 93| 4. 22| 45. 71| 0. 0001*| Note: 1 Figures obtained by utilizing The Tukeys Studentised Range ( HSD ) Test. 2* Implies that a important difference between big and little company means. H1: Large and little oil companies perceive general industry trends otherwiseFrom Table 5. it can readily be seen that there was non a important difference between the perceptual experience of the legal and abroad factor and the domestic factor. The fact that both company sizes agreed on industry tendencies. was taken as an indicant that the tendencies were common across all company sizes and therefore were representative of the tendencies in the industry as a whole. Furthermore. because the domestic factor included tendencies like a lessening in occupation security and increased employee layoffs ( see Table 2 ) . and there was no difference in this perceptual experience. it was felt that both big and little companies had experienced similar layoffs and cutbacks. H1a: Large and little oil companies perceive the effects of increased abroad production otherwise It can clearly be seen that big and little oil companies do non comprehend the consequence of abroad production otherwise. Because the abroad production factor contained inquiry points like abroad production is aching big oil companies. and abroad geographic expedition is aching oil related concerns ( see Table 3 ) . it can be implied that both big and little ( oil related concerns are normally little companies ) companies believe that abroad production adversely effects them. H1b: Large and little oil companies perceive the alteration in ordinances otherwise There was a important difference between big ( 3. 02 ) and little oil ( 3. 17 ) companies means associating to the OSHA ordinance factor. We interpreted this consequence as an indicant that big oil companies believe that OSHA ordinances would impact them more than it would impact smaller oil companies. Because the big company mean was lower than the little company mean. and hence considered more of import ( see Table 3 ) . we can reason that big oil companies believe that they will be affected more adversely by ordinances than smaller oil companies will. H2: Large oil company employees feel more threatened by new tendencies than do little oil company employees and have lower degrees of occupation security and general motive. Degrees of general motive were considered to differ significantly between big and little oil companies. It can readily be seen from Table 5. that both the specific satisfaction factor. and the occupation security factor were significantly different. This strong support lends acceptance to our original predication that little oil company employees do non experience as strongly threatened by industry tendencies as big oil company employees do because big oil companies are downsizing by extinguishing places whereas smaller oil companies are reconstituting. redefining employment functions. instead than extinguishing them. Decision Our research shows that workers perceive several industry tendencies. These industry trends lead to an increased accent on cost efficiency. hiking productiveness. retrenchment. and consolidation. These tendencies can be divided into two specific factors: domestic and legal and abroad. Both little and big oil companies consider the domestic factor to be every bit of import. but big companies consider the legal and abroad factor to be more of import than little companies do. We were able to farther polish our findings. By measuring differences in the sensed effects of legal ordinance we were able to turn out that there is a important difference between perceptual experiences employees of little and big companies. Therefore. we can reason that the difference in the perceptual experience of the effects of legal ordinances is partly responsible for the difference in the perceptual experience of employment tendencies. Consequently. the ensuing different employment environments. in bend. affects occupation security and general motive degrees otherwise. Of considerable involvement was the determination that little oil companies have a higher grade of occupation satisfaction and general motive than big oil companies do. We attribute this phenomenon to the impression that big oil companies are downsizing by extinguishing places. whereas smaller oil companies are reconstituting. redefining employment functions. instead than extinguishing them. MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS The chief message for directors in the oil industry is apparent- the full industry is going progressively competitory. and cost efficiency and increased productiveness are the major concerns of every company in the industry. First. directors should be cognizant that cost efficiency is being achieved through restructuring corporations and spread outing the functions of workers. Downsizing. streamlining. and a committedness to flexibleness is the new order. As a consequence of these altering corporate constructions. layoffs and cutbacks are going progressively common. Second. directors should recognize that improved productiveness is being achieved by concentrating on squad constructs. cross-functional groups. reward systems. improved technological consciousness. and enriched preparation. We felt that mentoring may be another method worthy of consideration. Small companies tend to hold a more cohesive relationship between staff and direction ; if big companies could emulate this construct. it might be possible to better their occupation satisfaction. Third. directors should see that employees are being required to execute a wider assortment of undertakings. Employees presents are required to be more technologically cognizant. and to be able to work in squads. In the yesteryear. specialisation of employees was stressed ; today general. preparation is going more of import. Hence. directors are going responsible for supervising a wider assortment of divergent employment functions. With the work force going more diversified. directors will hold to broaden their cognition base. and be more flexible in undertaking rating and deputation. Finally. this disruptive employment environment has radically affected occupation satisfaction. and motive. Directors are under increasing force per unit area to happen new methods to maintain the work force happy. focused. and productive. Many oil companies are utilizing reward systems and public presentation ends to assist maintain workers stimulated and motivated. It was felt that because occupation security was deemed of import. it may be possible to hike occupation satisfaction by offering non-monetary inducements. Job security inducements. such as LIFO and long term contracts. may hike occupation satisfaction and general degrees of motive. Further RESEARCH An interesting avenue for farther research highlighted by our survey would be to measure the occupation satisfaction of employees of big oil companies runing abroad and compare it to that of employees of big oil companies runing in the United States. We investigated the occupation satisfaction of employees in the domestic sphere. We did non measure employment satisfaction for those employees runing abroad. With the international function of oil companies going progressively more of import. this facet of occupation satisfaction within the oil industry may turn out to be of great future significance. Besides of involvement for farther research is the survey of a broader scope of oil companies. We classified oil companies as being either big or little. disregarding the industry section in which they operate. Further research could be conducted to measure occupation satisfaction within sectors of the oil industry such as boring. transporting. refinement. and selling. It may so be possible to measure which sectors of the oil industry are sing alterations in occupation satisfaction. These alterations may foreground employment chances for the hereafter. Finally. it may be of involvement to analyze the methods directors are using to maintain employees motivated and satisfied in this unsure on the job environment. A broad assortment of methods are presently being implemented. The effectivity of these methods has non yet been to the full investigated. The generalizability of this survey is limited because our sample was restricted to oil companies in Texas and New Mexico. Although our research has provided some utile consequences. farther research should take this survey closer to world by carry oning a study with a wider geographic base. All of these demands provide interesting chances for coaction between faculty members and practicians. Mentions Haines. Leslie ( 1996 ) . More Room to Run. Oil A ; Gas Journal. ( April ) . 42-44 — ( 1995 ) . Position from the Bridge. Oil A ; Gas Journal. ( December ) . 24-27 Baumann. Barbara ( 1996 ) . Pull offing calling development: Amaco primes the pump. Personnel Journal. ( February ) . 79-83 Bonney. Dennis J. ( 1994 ) . Geopolitical tendencies shape hereafter of universe crude oil industry. Oil A ; Gas Journal. ( February ) . 34-35 Brown. David ( 1996 ) . Meat and Potatoes. Oil and Gas Investor. ( April ) . 38-41 Chellgren. Paul W. ( 1995 ) . Contemplations on U. S. downstream: A market in Transition. Oil A ; Gas Journal. ( March ) . 106-107 Decrane. Alfred C Jr. ( 1995 ) . Cheaper by the Gallon. Vital Speeches of the Day. ( December ) . 159-160 Gill. Douglas ( 1995 ) . Dodging the natural gas monetary value slug. Oil A ; Gas Investor. ( March ) . 63-67 Hirsch. Robert L. ( 1996 ) . The Energy Plateau. Public Utilities Fortnightly. ( March ) . 13-15 Howard. Phillip K. ( 1994 ) . The Death of Common Sense. how jurisprudence is smothering America. Warner Books. 14-15 Klann. Susan ( 1996 ) . The R A ; D quandary. Oil and Gas Investor. ( April ) . 5 Knott. David ( 1996 ) . Oil industry hazard accomplishments deficit. Oil A ; Gas Journal. ( May ) . 36 Koen. A. D. ( 1995 ) . U. S. Upstream trust turning on concerted plans in R A ; D. Oil A ; Gas Journal. ( April ) . 17-21 Tobias. Steven M. ( 1996 ) . Pull offing abroad E A ; P in the age of the Internet. Oil A ; gas Journal. ( March ) . 75-79 Weldon. David ( 1996 ) . Training for the new millenary. Computeruniverse. ( June ) . 42-47 Zignon. Jack ( 1994 ) . Oil company learns to mensurate team-work public presentation. Personnel Journal. ( November ) . 46-49 ——————————————–[ 1 ] . Throughout our survey. T-Tests ( ? =0. 05 ) for gender differentiations showed no differences.

Arthur Murray(Ns) Pty Ltd V Fct (1965) 114 Clr 314 Essays

Arthur Murray(Ns) Pty Ltd V Fct (1965) 114 Clr 314 Essays Arthur Murray(Ns) Pty Ltd V Fct (1965) 114 Clr 314 Essay Arthur Murray(Ns) Pty Ltd V Fct (1965) 114 Clr 314 Essay Part A (i) the fact arises on Arthur Murray(NS) Pty Ltd V FCT (1965) 114 CLR 314 is that the taxpayer sold prepaid dancing lessons with prepaid fees attributable in part to lessons to be provided in future income years. The commissioner assessed the tax payer on the basis that prepaid fees constituted income derived by the taxpayer when received. The high court concluded that amount received in respect of service to be provided in future years are not earned until the future obligations for which they are paid are discharged. Arthur Murray’s case can be co-related with the given condition of RIP Pty Ltd as the company is providing funeral services which is provided only after the death of client. For this they are receiving money in advance in order to provide future service . that’s why the case is related to Arthur Murray case ii a) The professional people like Doctor, engineer and small business they can access their income in cash basis if their income turnover is up to $ 2 million a year. Section 6 of ITAA 97, Provisions for ordinary income and statutory income are given in s6-5 and s 6-10 in income tax assessment act 1997. Income is derived upon the arising of enforceable debt for taxpayer who carries business of supplying goods. Professional fees for services are derived upon the arising of recoverable amounts during course of carrying business however if the amounts are basically reward for the personal service then the fees are derived upon its reception. The prepayments for goods and services are assessable only when that services or goods are provided. Dividends, wages and salaries are derived when paid and received respectively. Likewise, interest is also derived upon it receipt but if the taxpayer is in the course of lending    business then accrual basis is appropriate. And, all the trading income is derived at the point of sales. (Gilders et. al. 2009). According to Arthur Murray case, income is derived when the service is provided . Relating to RIP Company with Arthur Murray principle, we can say that RIP Company will derive their income only when the service is provided to its client. b) Yes the Arthur Murray principle apply to the company‘s accounting treatment of amounts in funeral plan No 1 and 2. Funeral plan 1 is a fixed price contract and when the agreed amount is paid, the client is guaranteed deluxe funeral arrangement. Under funeral plan 2 company continuously receive installment until the death of the client . however the fund is refundable but only 85% upon the cancellation where as money received is not refundable in funeral plan 1 . On the both plan, the company ultimately receive providing funeral services in the future . if we co-relate their services with the situation of Arthur Murray, we can see that they first receive the money first but provide service later in the future to its client. That’s why Arthur Murray principle is applicable to RIP Pty Ltd. c) Yes the commissioner or any tax payer have a choice in the method of accounting for tax. There are some cases that can be introduced to answer this question briefly. Carden’s case , the judgment of Dixon J , with whom a majority of the court agreed ,stated it was necessary to use the tax accounting methods that would reveal a â€Å"substantially correct reflex of the taxpayer’s true income â€Å". The court concluded it was appropriate to recognize professional income on a cash basis. Similarly Henderson case concluded that partnership should account on an accrual basis for income years after 30 June 1964. Similarly in Fc of T v Firstenberg 76 AT (4141) case, the court stated that where the taxpayer is a professional Sole practitioner, it is appropriate his income to be consider as being cash basis . Imposing the use of accrual basis on a professional sole practitioner would represent unrealistic and un reasonably burden. We can say that if the company is a Pty Ltd or Partnership , the tax payer derives income on accrual basis and if the tax payer is a sole trader then the income should be derived on cash basis (iii) According to sec 6-5(1)(2) Assessable income include according to ordinary concept and if a person is an Australian resident then taxpayer income includes the ordinary income derived directly or indirectly from all sources whether in or out of Australia during the income year . In funeral Plan 1 as there is no policy of refunding, the amount $ 225,000 will be assessable income if the client dies abroad. Where as in Funeral plan 2, the amount $ 4125 will be assessable for tax purpose as there is no one to claim the refund (iv) According to sec 104-150 ITAA 1997 if a person make a capital gain and deposit is more than the expenditure occurred in connection with the prospective sale or other transaction . People make a capital loss if the deposit is less. According to taxation ruling 97/19 Para 7, we can consider that other CGT provision apply with the effect that a forfeited, deposit is assessable as a capital gain in certain circumstances. The amount $16200 paid by defaulting member is consider as capital gain and should be assessable income under sec 104 -150 of ITAA 1997and TR 97/19 . RIP is not incurring any expenses against the forfeited amount paid by default member. Part B I) in simple language , trading is a buying and selling securities or commodities on a short term basis , hoping to make quick profit The term trading stock is defined in section 70-10 of the 1997 Act to include anything produced, manufactured or acquired that is held for purposes of manufacture, sale or exchange in the ordinary course of a business. Trading stock of a mining business comprises those tangible assets that are held for sale in the ordinary course of that business. Caskets and other accessories are acquired by a company to provide their funeral services . these accessories are trading stock for that company without which they cannot provide their services . the amount of $25000 spend by a company for trading stock which is spend to gain accessible income can be claimed for general deductable under sec8 (1) ITAA 1997 . II) according to sec 44(1) ITAA 1936 , shareholder in a company whether the company is resident or nonresident states that the dividend other than that are paid to the shareholder by a company out of profit derived by it from any source is assessable income . Under sec 207 -5 ITAA 1997 , if a corporate tax entity makes a franked distribution to one of its member then as a general rule –amount equals to the franking credit on the distribution is included in the member’s assessable income and the member is entitled to a tax offset that is equal to the same amount of money . Here the cash dividend paid is $ 21000 which is fully franked which means amount is paid after deducting the tax. Total amount before tax can be calculated by multiplying by 30 and dividing by 70. Mathematically 21000*30/70 =30000. Therefore $ 30000 is the company’s assessable dividend. Sec 82 K2MD, ITAA 1936 (Expenses * no. f days of eligible service period) / total no. of days of eligible service period 57000*122/731 =9513 is deductable amount Sec 26-10 ITAA 1997 , you cannot deduct loss or outgoing for long service leave ,annual leave , sick leave or other leave except accrual leave transfer payment that is made in the income year According to thi s case the tax payer had not incurred a loss or outgoing under sc 51(1) in the income year in respect of its employees accrued long service leave and annual leave entitlement unless it is paid in that income year ( Nilsen Development laboratories Pty Ltd ORS V FC of T 81 ACT 4031; (1981)144 CLR 616 . III) Sec 8-1 1997 Act This section provides that â€Å"You can deduct from your assessable income any loss or outgoing to the extent that (a) It is incurred in gaining or producing assessable income or (b) It is necessarily incurred in carrying on a business for the purpose of gaining or producing your assessable income. however you cannot deduct a loss or outgoing to the extent that : (a) It is a loss or outgoing of a capital nature b) It is a loss or outgoing of a private or domestic nature of (c) It is incurred in gaining or producing your exempt income or (d) A provision of this act prevents you from deducting it† A deduction for the capital works under division 43 is based on the amount of construction expenditure, that is, capital expenditure incurred in respect of the construction of those capital works . There are three different types of capital works under sec 43-20 A building or an extension, alteration or improvement to a building Structural improvement or extensio n, alterations or improvement to structural improvement. Capital works being earthworks or extension, alteration or improvement to earthworks if they are constructed as a result of environmental protection activities, can be economically maintained in reasonably good order and condition. AS per above terms and condition, the payment of $250000 of architectural design is a capital work under division 43 so the construction expenditure is deductable under TR 97/25. The taxpayer‘s demolition expenditure is not a capital in nature and therefore is not deductable ie . ec 51(1) of the Act. (Mount Isa Mines Ltd V FC of T 92 ATC 4755;( 1992) 176 CLR 141) Similarly the cost of acquisition of land costing $ 1. 2 m and demolishing expenditure of previous structure amounting $50000 and landscaping costing $ 40000 are not deductable. Sec 40-70(2) ITAA 1997 Calculation of deduction amount of capital expenditure Period of your C E* days used *4%/ 365 sec 43-210 ITAA 1997 The amount $2. 5 m is deductable under the rule. As per the above formula, 2. 5m * 330*4%/ 365 = $90411 is deductable Capital work deduction applies for sealed roads, sealed driveways, sealed car park, bridge, pipelines, retaining walls, fences, concrete or rock dams and sports field. Section 43-20(3)(a) Thus the on-site car park with the amount of $125000 is deductable iv Details | Amount | total| | Assessable income| | | | Profit from last year | | 2450000| | Cash dividend | 21000| | Sec 44 –(1)| imputation| 9000| 30000| Div 207| Total assessable income| | 2480000| | Deduction | | | | Material purchased | 25000| | Sec 70-10| Long service leave | 22000| | Sec 26-10| Rental storage space| 9513| | Sec82 KZMD| Architectural design | 250000| | TR97/25 Para 78| Construction of new premises | 90411| | Sec 43-15| Onsite car parking | 125000| | Sec43-20(3)| Total deduction | | 521924| | Taxable income | | 1958076| | Tax payable 1958076 *30% = 587422 Less tax off set 9000 Total tax payable 578422. 8

Do Recruiters Read Your Resume Summary Profile Sections

Do Recruiters Read Your Resume Summary Profile Sections When I first started writing resumes, I was completely against resume summaries. I found them bland, boring and unpersuasive. Why write a summary when the real stuff is in the experience sections and bullets? I felt the same way about Skills sections. Anyone can list a bunch of skills, so what’s the point? Well, over the years, my tune has changed. The resume summary (or profile), and even the list of skills, provide a quick context for the reader that makes the rest of the resume make more sense. And the summary does not have to be boring! Ideally it will include accomplishments and career highlights that grab attention rather than set the reader on snooze. The Word from Recruiters on Resume Summaries But what I think really doesn’t matter. What matters is what recruiters and hiring managers think. That’s why I was excited to receive an article in my inbox from Career Directors International titled Recruiter Voice on Resume Summary Profile Section. I’m linking to it here, but you won’t be able to view it (or any of the many valuable articles in the CDI library) unless you’re a CDI member. Here’s a summary of what recruiters have to say on the topic of resume summaries. Do Recruiters Read the Summary Profile Sections on Your Resume? The answer is YES, thankfully, as I have been writing these for every client for 9 years. Here are some opinions and insights that you should know: Start off with the title you’re going for. And be careful to match your job title to the job you’re applying to – not to a completely different one. Include relevant strengths, years of experience, and a sense of your personality/soft skills. Don’t be afraid to toot your own horn. Highlight your successes! Provide a sense of where you’re going next. Differentiate yourself in the summary from other candidates. Customize the summary for the position you’re applying for. One size does NOT fit all. Tell your (short) story – keep it to 5 lines or less! Show off how well you put ideas together in writing. Make it flow. This is NOT an old-style â€Å"objective† statement. It’s NOT about what you want. It’s about what you will offer to the company. Remember humans will read this. Be personable! Describe your transferable skills and industry knowledge here if you have them and need to prove you qualify for the position without a specific requested skill or experience. Give the reader a sense that you can solve the problem they have. Don’t wait for the bullets to demonstrate your efficacy. Be attentive! That means no typos or grammatical errors. Here are some sample resume summaries that I think succeed in doing what the recruiters in CDI’s article recommend. As you read these, consider how your resume summary compares. Senior IT / Technology Executive Aligning Business and Technology to Increase Revenue, Expand Reach, and Deliver Results IT leader defining advanced technology strategies, architectures, and security solutions for renowned retail organizations including Amazon.com subsidiary ABC and Famous Footwear. *** Globally minded: leverages resources, offshore development teams, and partnerships to accelerate revenue, enhance transparency, and propel growth. Operations Manager | Global Supply Chain Director | Business Analyst Transformational executive leader with 20 years’ experience in supply chain, logistics, and operations (PPG, NewPage, Mead). Utilizes technology to drive profitability through improved processes and lower costs. Applies SOP expertise to guide ERP transitions (Oracle, SAP), integrate siloed divisions, and optimize operations, sales, marketing, manufacturing, and customer service. Leverages proven strategies to change culture in service of the company vision. Senior IT Project Leader – Healthcare ERP Systems ERP Implementations – Oracle / Lawson / PeopleSoft / Cloud / Epic EMR / Cerner EMR IT/ERP project manager who has delivered 30 major ERP and related enterprise-level business-systems projects globally with IBM, HP, and Big 4 consulting firm Deloitte across healthcare and medical device sectors. Healthcare ERP expertise with strategic implementation projects for hospital systems, healthcare providers, government health systems, and biotech companies. - EPIC PROJECT MANAGER CONSULTANT - Improving clinical operations through technical expertise, people focus, and knowledge of hospital workflows Project leader and innovator with 13 years in Epic’s Implementation Services Division who understands the challenges of healthcare environments, and partners with nurses, ancillary staff, and other stakeholders to enhance usability and engagement. People-centric approach allows for clarity and empathy in setting expectations, bridging IT and operational priorities, and working with users to embrace new processes. Strategic Sourcing Operations Executive VP / Director Global Strategic Sourcing | Capital Project Management | Process Engineering | Capital Finance 20+ years’ leadership across clean tech, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food, technology, chemical, real estate. Experience spans small to large operating, consulting and technology companies including Amgen ($83B market cap), Jacobs Engineering ($7B market cap), Amyris ($200M market cap) and venture-funded start-ups. Knowledge of multiple capital service and chemical markets including US, China, India and Japan. Consistently enhances efficiencies, extract value and add to the bottom line. How is your resume summary looking to you after reading these examples? 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HR Proposal -Edit Chapter 2& 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

HR Proposal -Edit Chapter 2& 3 - Essay Example This section comprises of mainly four basic steps which are involved in the process of data collection. In most cases, the type of methodology used in a study is determined by the particular type of research being undertaken. The availability of relevant resources and time also play a contributory role to the methodology used. Methodology helps to organize, represent, and analyze data and information in a bid to answer the research questions of the study. The following are the basic steps involved in this section of methodology: A research design is a conceptual structure, outline or blueprint of what the researcher would do in the study by following proper guidelines that are meant to obtain data that can be used to solve the research problem or answer the research question. Research design represents the entire structure and working framework of the research which makes it possible and valid to draw more general conclusions from the study (Oppenheim, 1992). It works as the bonding element that holds other elements and parts of research together to give a perfect blend of conclusions and consequences of research. The researcher used mainly primary data collection method in order to provide reliable results. The research has been designed in a descriptive manner which is meant to count representative samples and make inferences about the whole population. The method used in the study involves gathering data from the selected participants using questionnaires and an analysis of this data is descriptive in na ture since it shows the subjective views of an individual. This design would certainly reach the desired goals in that the participants would be employees in HR related departments but working for organisations that deal with IT. Quantitative data collection techniques will be employed in this study and it will include mainly primary data through the use of questionnaires. Basically, quantitative data is any

Interview With Winnie Francois Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interview With Winnie Francois - Essay Example The first question I have asked Winnie Francois consisted in the ethical values which are of a great importance for the leaders of the non-profit organizations. Winnie said that there were various approaches to develop ethics within Meals on Wheels. The ethical values are incredibly important, he gave an emphasis, due to the reason that the key aim of any non-profit organization is not to accumulate the financial assets and income, but help those who are in need. The ethical values which have been put on the basis of the Broward Meals on Wheels are connected with the intention to help without having any benefits of the financial character. Thus, Winnie claimed, the main ethical value of our work consists in the understanding that we work to help and assist. The leaders of the non-profit agency, Broward Meals on Wheels, Winnie said were full on enthusiasm and exercised the active approach to the design of ideas and ways how to have the good intentions to be turned to life. Broward Mea ls on Wheels serves as an important mechanism and the brightest example of how the non-profit organization has to work. Another ethical value, as Winnie Francois has a conviction, consists in the desire to unite the major stakeholders and charity organizations in order to follow the common aim which comprises of the numerous approaches and means to help and make it on the constant basis. This value requires, certainly, much attempt to be done, since the search of the agents willing to help is a very complicated and long-termed task.

Who Defines Beauty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Who Defines Beauty - Research Paper Example According to Newman, goodness as the moral equation of beauty were also used by philosophers (1) while others described beauty according to the modern definition of the dictionary which expresses beauty as â€Å"qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit.† (Merriam-Webster). The contemporary understanding of beauty is subjective or that any standard of beauty must be relative (Vacker) and is largely related to the maxim â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder†. It explains that a thing of beauty for a person may not simply appear as equally pleasing to another. Nature - Biological and EvolutionarySymmetry has been scientifically proven to be inherently attractive to the human eye (Feng). Biologists have long utilized symmetry - the extent to which a creature's right and left sides match - to gauge what is referred to as developmental stability (Cowley). The sense of attraction for symmetry is not only res erved for adults, infants were also found to demonstrate this trait as well. Infants have the innate ability to spend more time staring at pictures of symmetric individuals than they do at photos of asymmetric one (Feng). Scientists believe that preference for symmetry is linked with having a strong immune system. Thus, beauty is associated with more robust genes, increasing the chances that an individual’s offspring will survive (Feng). The idea and preference for beauty differs from culture to culture (Cowley). Aside from symmetry, males in western cultures.

Environmental Problems Linked To Developing Transport Systems Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Problems Linked To Developing Transport Systems Environmental Sciences Essay Throughout the rapidly developing world, convenient transport system led peoples meeting become more and more time-saving and comfortable. However, the gradually developing transport system has brought kinds of problems which are well worth for peoples greatest attention. There have an increasing focus on the environmental problems caused by the developing transport system. With these serious problems come a range of questions on peoples daily travel. Many people worry about the living surrounding which influenced by surface transport system. In this essay, I will analysis the environment effect caused by developing transport system, and effective mitigation measures have used to solve these questions. The surface transport system have consists defined to an extensive network of buses, cars, trams, trolleybuses and trains. Accompany with quick development of cities, transport system is expanding cover all over the cities to benefit for peoples daily lives during the same time. Mineta (2002) stated that transportation is essential to Americas security, economic prosperity and quality of life and surface transport system has supported the nations strong economic performance, and the evolution of world trade. There are widely held concerned that the developing of transport system has many benefits on humans lives. When people living in large cities, well established rail systems have significantly higher per capita transit ridership, lower average ,lower annual mileage, less traffic congestion, lower traffic death rates, lower consumer by this transportation ,therefore rail transit systems provide economic, social and environmental benefits to peoples lives stated by Litman(2010). Transport is part of peoples live, therefore, government should develop sustainable Transport which includes walking, cycling, public transport, car clubs, car sharing, eco-driving and low carbon vehicles. The purpose of develop sustainable transport is to reduce the problems which bring to environment and society caused by travelling, and supports economic growth. During the same time, sustainable transport will reduce car emissions that contribute to air pollution problems and global warming. This indicates that sustainable transport systems provide economic, social and environmental benefits, and these benefits tend to increase as a system expands and developed. Although developing transport system brings kinds of benefit to us, the negative aspects which caused cannot be ignored also. To date there has been agreement that no other machine has had a harmful effect on our environment than develop roads and increasing number of cars have brought to us. This is because people create the environment for living, but we have to repair our environment for cars and roads. The most serious problem caused by dramatically rising of expanding travel roads, highways, tunnels, overhead viaducts and the number of cars were environmental pollution in the crowded cities. There are kinds of surrounding contaminative problems, which have explicit relationship with the developing surface transport system. This can be divided into many points: noise pollution; air pollution; global warming; road danger; dissolving the cities; energy use. Noise seems to be one of the serious problem, there are many of America dwellers are exposed to noise so loud it has the potential to degrade hearing capacity over time stated by Orlando (2007). It is general that traffic noise thorough streets make people feel depressed and uncomfortable when they stay at home. Therefore, to protect residents from this trouble, it is vital to maintain the noise level at an appropriate degree. Furthermore, air pollution caused by surface transport system not only leads to serious health problem to human, but owing to the acid rain, which damage forests, buildings and water. It is definitely a complex problem in a crowded city. Air pollution  often  choked cities, because of so many a utomobiles emerge creating pollution. There is a body of opinion that global warming is the one of the greatest dangers which people will face during a long time. The developing transport system, which were remains one of the main growing sources of greenhouse emissions. It was also leads to serious climate problems. The  climate crisis is extremely dangerous, and it is a true planetary emergency, Gore (2006) stated. Global temperature is rising constantly, which leads to the world climate become imbalance. Throughout the developing transport system, the crowd city has expanded under unsustainable methods to fit all residents requirement. Many people claimed that the crowded city as essentially anti-human. Therefore, it is necessary for government and organization to take mitigation measures to develop a sustainable surface transport system to deal with the environmental problems. In order to mitigate the noise problem, government installs some noise barriers and does some noise insulation works to reduce the noise effect of transport projects. Governments have to support the sustainable transport. Take the Australian government for examples, it is engaging with most areas to support various approaches to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from public transport system in urban centers. Government should also ask for public idea for the important issue, because environmental problem concerns everyone. The Australian Transport Council and the Environment Protection and Heritage Council Vehic le Fuel Efficiency Working Group (2008), with support from the Australian Government, have handout a paper to ask the public opinions for car Fuel Efficiencies, it is a potential measures to encourage people to use fuel efficient, it will cause low carbon emission. Furthermore, government set up greenhouse gas reduced program project which include change national travel behavior. Governments also should encourage residents to use public transports for reduce car exhaust, greenhouse emissions and it was also save money on fuel cost. Governments needs to increase its investments in protect our living surroundings. For the other thing, government must have a sustainable urban and transport planning to meet for the increasing number of residents and cars. In the transport development plans, in order to avoiding the types of protection natural source, water sources and other environmental factors, make a sustainable transport planning, environmental planning, urban development planning a nd other contradiction between environment and cities make transport planning more scientific and sustainable. Take Singapores sustainable transport planning for example, there are several improvements which made in Singapore to have people adopt more sustainable modes of transportation. First of all, the public transport system is rapid reaching peoples requirement. During the population increases, the public transport network still keeping at the same rate with the population. There are effort have been set out to improving the expanding transport system and the frequency of public transport, such as buses and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) trains. For the environment, Electric vehicles also have been introduced into Singapore for the advantage of having zero emission, therefore it will not bring environmental pollution stated by Shaw (2010). Furthermore, the Singapore environment council improves people consciousness to use green technologies in transportation and promotes the walking and cycling lifestyle. Therefore, Singapore balanced success in developing transport system and environment in s ustainable development methods. To summarize, surface transport system has significant support for economic development and it offers a wide range of benefits to people lives. However, transport system is still making noise pollution, air pollution and other environmental problems to cities Andersson (2005) . There are several reasons for that current transport systems are not sustainable. First of all, petroleum source reserves are finite and petroleum emission influence urban air quality, it also brings a range of environment problems. Secondly, numerous transport facilities make cities crowded and detrimental environment. For the others, increasing number of cars and transport system make urban sprawl. Although governments have take serious measures to deal with the problems, it still existing and have detrimental effect to people during the developing cities. In order to solve this problem, government and individual have to improve their consciousness to use public transport. It will reduce the environmental ef fect caused by car emission and make a better living surrounding to residents. Furthermore, a healthy lifestyle, such as walking and cycling should be encouraged also.

The study of Massage/ Kinesiology Essay -- essays research papers

There are many aspects on the study and meaning of kinesiology. Some of these ways are; applied kinesiology, kinesiology medicine research, and specialized and energy kinesiology. The study kinesiology and massage therapy is believed to go hand and hand. Many will say that without the proper knowledge of kinesiology and muscle movements, you can not provide a patent with all that is needed for a proper massage. As we approach new years, many individuals are increasing their concern in health. With the healing arts increasing in popularity, individuals don’t understand the need for well-rounded therapist. Who are trained in the science of kinesiology, which includes the technique of massage to enable them to be proficient in their field. During the early 1900s, the practice of medical science became accepted in our society. Many of the Swedish massage was mingled in with those of medical doctors and medical practices. (A type of â€Å"mechano-therapy† emerged of a combination with other therapist preformed by a physician or a nurse’s assistant.) Over time, these practices were absorbed into what would be general medicine. In the 1920s Masseurs and Masseuses had lost most of their market to doctors. They mainly found work with wealthy individuals who wanted a general, relaxing form of massage. After World War ll, a group of massage operators formed the American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses. This later became the forerunner of today’s American Massage Therapy Association (AMTA). The goal of these associations is to raise the status of massage as a unique and effective treatment for healing. In the 1980s the AMTA was formed. The first thing they did was establish a code of ethics and change their titles from masseurs and masseuses to massage therapist. Now the profession of massage is enjoying renewed vigor and influence in alternative medicine. Recent trends have pointed the continuing promise and growth of massage therapy as a health care career. Applied kinesiology is the scientific study of muscular movement, physical activities and the anatomy, physiology, and mechanics of the movement of body parts. Kinesiology was first created by the American/Italian chiropractor Anthony Gil in Milano, Italy. This relatively new study has many different branches of specialized studies. Many similar goals of kinesiology are to: restore normal nerve functions, have... ...ning again. I believe that the medical aspects of life and quality in general are much more looked at today then they have been in past years. The work of massage along with the knowledge of kinesiology has improved our modern medicines and is one of the best impacts we have today for healthier lifestyles. The way physical touch in massage keeps your body and mind more together is on of the best ways to impact not only the person receiving the massage, but therapist also. If a person has never had a massage, and was to get on for the first time, I believe they will go more often, just because of the feeling you have after opposed to the feeling you had before. There is such a large amount of individuals who are looking for massage therapist. Having a natural talent will really benefit our society with a healthier and relaxing state of body and mind. I truly know that with massage/kinesiology you are able to open your bodily needs better ,and become more capable of enjoying the time you have with people you work with to make your own personality complete. These alternative medicines are the best ways to get the flow of energy moving to able yourself to feel like your own utopia.

Alternative Ending To Catcher in the Rye Essay

Anyway, I really did go home after the carrousel. First, Phoebe and I walked out of the park and took the bus to Grand Central, to get my god dam Gladstone’s out of the strong box there. Though it had stopped hammering down, I was still pretty wet. Boy, it really came down like a madman. I still had ‘Phoebe’s’ red hunting hat on, it was soaking wet though. I didn’t care though. â€Å"I’m glad we’re both going home now, Holden†, she said. â€Å"I’m just ready to get this over with†, I said, â€Å"Mom and dad will cry.† â€Å"Don’t worry, Holden. It’ll be okay†, Phoebe said. She squeezed my hand which she was holding and smiled. It just about killed me. We had most of Phoebe’s Christmas dough, so we got my Gladstone’s, and took the bus to 72nd street. There were a bunch of kids at the back of the bus. They were all horsing around, laughing and all. We sat next to them. We took up a lot of room, since we had my two suitcases, plus my old suitcase with Phoebe’s stuff in it. I heard some kid say, â€Å"Phoebe, your brother found you!† I looked across the bus. It was that kid I met in the park yesterday, the girls who roller skates I’d tightened and all. â€Å"Holden’s coming to see me in the play†, she said to the girl. She tugged my arm, â€Å"This is my brother Holden, Holden, this is Susie. She’s in the play too!† â€Å"Yes†, Susie said, â€Å"It should be really great†. She was so polite. I really liked her. I usually like Phoebe’s friends when I first meet them. Phoebe and Susie helped me get my mind off of how I was about to face my parents. I was worried about my mom. I tried not to think of how hysterical she’d get. Phoebe said mom and dad were coming home at around 7. It was 4 now. We got off the bus at 72nd street, said goodbye to Susie and all, and then walked home. â€Å"How are Mr. and Mrs. Antolini?† she asked me. â€Å"They’re doing pretty good†, I said. Of course I would never tell her what really happened. I still couldn’t believe it. Had he always liked me in a flirty way? We got home, and I took my suitcases into my room and I lay down on my bed. I was pretty tired. All of a sudden i got to thinking about Pencey. I wondered what they were all saying about me back there. I started thinking maybe I was wrong, leaving so suddenly after that god dam little tiff with Stradlater. He’s really not a bad guy. In fact, I sort of missed him. I’ll give old Jane a bell tomorrow, if it’s not too crazy here. So I unpacked a few things in my room, and smoked all of my cigarettes. I was so god dam nervous. Around 7 o’clock, mom and dad walked in together. At the time, I was right there in the hallway, so they saw me right away. I really didn’t care if they yelled at me. I felt numb and empty inside. I was really hungry, but too worried to eat. If you want to know the truth, I was in pretty bad shape. Even though I changed and washed before mom and dad came home, I felt that I must have looked a state. I hadn’t shaved in a few days. Anyway, they looked all dressed up and nice when they came through the door. â€Å"Holden! What’s going on? What are you doing here? Its’ Tuesday†, my dad said. I took a deep breath, and then started coughing all over the place. Christ, what a time to have a coughing fit ey? I finally cleared my throat. â€Å"Well†, I said, â€Å"I†¦I got kicked out again. I’m really sorry† â€Å"Damn it, Holden! I can’t take it anymore!† Dad yelled. Mom had already started sobbing. I felt awful. Seeing Mom cry really killed me. â€Å"Holden, what the hell is wrong with you!? I paid a ton of money to send you to these schools and all you do is get kicked out every god dam time! I know you’re not stupid! You can pass these classes! I know it’s that you’re not applying yourself!† Boy was he mad. His face was all red, and all these veins were sticking out in his neck. I was kinda scared that he would hit me. We’re a pretty non-violent family. I was thinking about Allie the whole time Dad was yelling at me. I don’t know how long the whole thing lasted. â€Å"Damn it, Holden, you’ve really pushed my buttons this time! Look at how well DB and Phoebe are doing. Can’t you follow their lead?† Mom was just sobbing the whole time that the argument was going on. I started drifting off again, I thought about Mr. Antolini. I could be there now, having an intellectual conversation with him, smoking a cigarette. I kept thinking about him patting me on the head. Does he look at me as another son figure? Or does he have feelings for me? Or was he just really drunk? It didn’t seem right at all. When I got there, he should have noticed how tired I was and just let me sleep. So, Dad was kept on yelling at me and sent me to my room. I walked into my room, shut the door, and lay down on my bed again and lit a cigarette that I found in my hounds tooth jacket pocket. I hardly ever see Dad this mad. I heard my mom crying in their bedroom, and my father trying to comfort her. I started thinking of the military school. I knew I’d hate it there, even more than the other schools I’d been to. The next thing I knew, I was sort of crying. Normally I’m not a huge crier, but here I was, crying my god dam eyes out. I heard a little knock at the door, and old Phoebe came in. â€Å"I heard you crying, don’t worry Holden, everything will blow over†. She sat on the side of my bed and hugged me. Trust Phoebe to do something phony like that, but all the same, it was kinda cute. Phoebe went to bed at around 9 o’clock and I was still awake by 11. I couldn’t sleep. I felt kinda weak, and I kept coughing like a madman. That’s about it, that’s all I’m gonna tell you. I could go on and tell you about the military school and Phoebe and all. But I think I told too much already.